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The World of Engineering
1. The History of Engineering 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Getting Started 3
1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering 6
1.4 The Overview Approach 9
1.5 Traveling Through the Ages 12
1.6 Intermission: Character Studies 14
1.7 The History of the Disciplines 23
1.8 Concluding Remarks 29
References 29
Exercises and Activities 30
2. Engineering Majors 31
2.1 An Introduction to the Field 31
2.2 Engineering Functions 36
2.3 Engineering Majors 44
2.4 Closing Thoughts 62
2.5 Engineering and Technical Organizations 63
References 67
Exercises and Activities 68
3. Profiles of Working Engineers 73
4. A Statistical Profile of the Profession 121
4.1 Statistical Overview 121
4.2 College Enrollment Trends 122
4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering Students 124
4.4 Degrees in Engineering 125
4.5 Job Placement Trends 126
4.6 Salaries of Engineers 127
4.7 The Diversity of the Profession 134
4.8 Distribution of Engineers 135
4.9 Engineering Employment 136
4.10 Percent of Students Unemployed 136
4.11 A Word from Employers 137
Exercises and Activities 138
5. Global and International Engineering 141
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 The Evolving Global Marketplace 142
5.3 International Opportunities 145
5.4 Preparing for a Global Career 155
Exercises and Activities 160
6. Future Challenges 163
6.1 Expanding World Population 163
6.2 Pollution 165
6.3 Energy 170
6.4 Transportation 174
6.5 Infrastructure 175
6.6 Aerospace 176
6.7 Competitiveness / Productivity 178
Exercises and Activities 180
The Engineering Student
7. Succeeding in the Classroom 181
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Attitude 182
7.3 Goals 184
7.4 Keys to Effectiveness 186
7.5 Test-taking 191
7.6 Making the Most of Your Professors 193
7.7 Learning Styles 194
7.8 Well-Rounded Equals Effective 199
7.9 Your Effective Use of Time 202
7.10 Accountability 208
7.11 Overcoming Challenges 208
References 210
Exercises and Activities 210
8. Problem-Solving 215
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving 216
8.3 The Analytic Method 218
8.4 The Creative Method 222
8.5 Personal Problem Solving Styles 228
8.6 Brainstorming Strategies 233
8.7 Estimation 238
8.8 Conservative Assumptions 239
Exercises and Activities 242
9. Visualization and Graphics 247
9.1 Why Study Visualization and Graphics? 247
9.2 Visualization 248
9.3 Sketching Technique 256
9.4 Visualizing 3-Dimensional Space 263
9.5 Geometric Transformations 269
9.6 Measurement Scales 271
9.7 Graphical Communication 276
9.8 Oblique Pictorials 282
9.9 Orthographic Multiview Sketches 286
9.10 Isometric Pictorials 292
9.11 Chapter Summary 296
References 296
Exercises 299
10. Computer Tools for Engineers 305
10.1 Introduction 305
10.2 The Internet 306
10.3 Word Processing Programs 312
10.4 Spreadsheets 314
10.5 Mathematics Software 317
10.6 Presentation Software 324
10.7 Operating Systems 325
10.8 Programming Languages 325
10.9 Advanced Engineering Packages 327
References 331
Exercises and Activities 333
11. Teamwork Skills 337
11.1 Introduction 337
11.2 What Makes a Successful Team? 342
11.3 Growth Stages of a Team 344
11.4 Team Leadership 346
11.5 How Effective Teams Work 347
11.6 The Character of a Leader 349
11.7 Team Grading 351
References 353
Exercises and Activities 353
12. Engineering Design 355
12.1 What Is Engineering Design 355
12.2 The Design Process 356
12.3 A Case Study 366
12.4 A Student Example of the 10-Stage Design Process 378
Exercises and Activities 383
13. Technical Communication 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Communication 386
13.3 Why Do We Communicate? 386
13.4 The Audience 387
13.5 The Power of Language 389
13.6 Technical Communication 393
13.7 Grammar 394
13.8 Formats 401
13.9 Formal Reports 402
13.10 Other Types of Communication 408
13.11 Relevant Readings 414
Exercises and Activities 416
14. The Ethics of Engineering 417
14.1 Introduction 417
14.2 The Nature of Ethics 418
14.3 The Nature of Engineering Ethics 422
14.4 The Issues and Topics of Engineering Ethics 426
14.5 Engineering Ethics and Legal Issues 439
Exercises 442
The Fundamentals of Engineering
15. Units and Conversions 447
15.1 History 447
15.2 The SI System of Units 449
15.3 Derived Units 451
15.4 Prefixes 454
15.5 Numerals 456
15.6 Conversions 457
References 459
Exercises 459
16. Mathematics Review 463
16.1 Algebra 463
16.2 Trigonometry 467
16.3 Geometry 470
16.4 Complex Numbers 473
16.5 Linear Algebra 475
16.6 Calculus 480
Exercises 488
17. Engineering Fundamentals 495
17.1 Statics 495
17.2 Dynamics 502
17.3 Thermodynamics 511
17.4 Electrical Circuits 522
17.5 Engineering Economics 530
The Engineer on Campus
18. The Campus Experience 543
18.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus 543
18.2 Exploring 543
18.3 Determining and Planning Your Major 545
18.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions 545
18.5 The "People Issue" 546
18.6 Searching for Campus Resources 547
18.7 Other Important Issues 549
18.8 Final Thoughts 553
Exercises and Activities 554
19. Financial Aid 557
19.1 Introduction 557
19.2 Parental Assistance 559
19.3 Is Financial Assistance For You? 559
19.4 Scholarships 568
19.5 Loans 568
19.6 Work-Study 569
19.7 Scams 573
19.8 The Road Ahead Awaits 575
Exercises and Activities 575
20. Engineering Work Experience 577
20.1 A Job and Experience 577
20.2 Summer Jobs 579
20.3 Volunteer 580
20.4 Supervised Independent Study 580
20.5 Internships 581
20.6 Cooperative Education 582
20.7 Which Is Best for You? 588
Exercises and Activities 588
21. Connections: Liberal Arts and Engineering 591
21.1 What Are "Connections"? 591
21.2 Why Study Liberal Arts? 592
Exercises and Activities 596
Appendix A: CADKEY97 Tutorial 597
22.1 Lesson 1: Survival Skills 597
22.2 Lesson 2: 2-D Geometric Construction 604
22.3 Lesson 3: Creating 3-D Wireframe Models 610
22.4 Lesson 4: Drawing Layout 616
Appendix B: An Introduction to MATLAB 625
B.1 Introduction 625
B.2 MATLAB Environment 626
B.3 Symbolic Manipulations 630
B.4 Saving and Loading Files 630
B.5 Vectors 631
B.6 Matrices 633
B.7 Simultaneous Equations 636
B.9 Plotting 637
B.10 Programming 641
Exercises 643
Index 647
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